The chancellor was invariably a priest and served as royal chaplain, the king’s secretary in secular matters, and keeper of the royal seal. All of the secretarial work of the royal household was handled by the chancellor and his staff of chaplains. This combination of duties, characteristic of the primitive administrative systems of the early Middle Ages, exemplified in the administrations of such great chancellors as Thomas Becket (d. 1170) and Thomas Cardinal Wolsey (d. 1530).
Maximilian II
Maximilian II (31 July 1527 – 12 October 1576) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 until his death in 1576. He believed in the necessity for a thorough reform of the Church. He was unable, however, to obtain the consent of Pope Pius IV to the marriage of the clergy,. He granted religious liberty to the Lutheran nobles and knights in Austria and refused to allow the publication of the decrees of the Council of Trent.
Papal Monarchy
The papacy is the world’s oldest continuously functioning institution. It is based on the “Petrine Idea,” the legitimation of papal leadership in both church and world based on the text of Matthew 16:16–18.: “Simon Peter answered, “You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God.” Jesus replied, “Blessed are you, Simon, son of Jonah, for this was not revealed to you by flesh and blood, but by my Father in heaven. And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it. “
humanism
A system of education and mode of academic inquiry that originated in northern Italy during the 13th and 14th centuries and later spread through continental Europe and England. humanism emphasized the development of human virtue, in all its forms – understanding, benevolence, compassion, mercy and its more assertive characteristics as fortitude, judgment, prudence, eloquence, and even love of honor to its fullest extent.
